![]() ![]() ![]() He then organized the Siberians into three tumens. In 1207 his eldest son Jochi subjugated the Siberian forest people, the Uriankhai, the Oirats, Barga, Khakas, Buryats, Tuvans, Khori-Tumed, and Kyrgyz. While the tribes around Lake Baikal were Mongol-speaking, those to the west spoke Turkic, Samoyedic, or Yeniseian languages.īy 1206, Genghis Khan had united all Mongol and Turkic tribes on the Mongolian Plateau and southern Siberia. Many of them, such as the Barga and Uriankhai, were little different from the Mongols. They called them oin irged ("people of the forest"). The Mongols had long maintained relations with the people of the Siberian forest ( taiga). 1300 (the gray area is the later Timurid Empire) Middle Ages Mongol conquest of Southern and Western Siberia The Mongol Empire, ca. Their ornaments are included among the collections at the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. Their pottery is more artistic and of a higher quality than that of the Bronze Age. They were acquainted with iron, and learned from their subjects the art of bronze casting, which they used for decorative purposes only. These new invaders likewise left numerous traces of their stay, and two different periods may be easily distinguished from their remains. Various Turkic tribes such as the Khaka and Uyghur migrated northwestwards from their former seats and subdued the Ugric people. Turkic people such as the Yenisei Kirghiz had already been present in the Sayan region. Many people were probably driven to the northern borders of the great Central Siberian Plateau. The establishment of the Xiongnu empire in the 3rd century BCE started a series of population movements. " Minusinsk Steppe", Vasily Surikov's painting ![]() Silk goods were imported and traded in Siberia. They were a major influence on all later steppe empires.Īs early as the first millennium BCE, trade was underway over the Silk Road. Between the 7th and 3rd centuries BCE, the Indo-Iranian Scythians flourished in the Altai region ( Pazyryk culture). Indo-Iranian influences in southwestern Siberia can be dated to the 2300–1000 BCE Andronovo culture. They developed and managed irrigation to support their agriculture in wide areas of the fertile tracts. ![]() Their bronze ornaments and implements, often polished, evince considerable artistic taste. Iron was unknown to them, but they excelled in bronze, silver, and gold work. Some descendant cultures, such as the Selkup, remain in the Sayan region. The Yeniseians were followed by the Uralic Samoyeds, who came from the northern Ural region. Some of the earliest artifacts found in Central Asia derive from Siberia. Countless kurgans ( tumuli), furnaces, and other archaeological artifacts bear witness to a dense population. The shores of all Siberian lakes, which filled the depressions during the Lacustrine period, abound in remains dating from the Neolithic age. Migrants are estimated to have crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America more than 20,000 years ago. The Kets are considered the last remainder of this early migration. Īccording to Vasily Radlov, among the Paleo-Siberian inhabitants of Central Siberia were the Yeniseians, who spoke a language different from the later Uralic and Turkic people. Main article: Prehistory of Siberia Mount Belukha in the Altai MountainsĪccording to the field of genetic genealogy, people first resided in Siberia by 45,000 BCE and spread out east and west to populate Europe and the Americas, including the prehistoric Jomon people of Japan, who are the ancestors of the modern Ainu. This was also aided by discovery and exploitation of vast reserves of Siberian mineral resources. During the 19th century, the Trans-Siberian Railway was constructed, supporting industrialization. The government also used it as a place of exile, sending Avvakum, Dostoevsky, and the Decemberists, among others, to work camps in the region. In the Late Middle Ages, Tibetan Buddhism spread into the areas south of Lake Baikal.ĭuring the Russian Empire, Siberia was chiefly developed as an agricultural province. The steppes of Siberia were occupied by a succession of nomadic peoples, including the Khitan people, various Turkic peoples, and the Mongol Empire. The early history of Siberia was greatly influenced by the sophisticated nomadic civilizations of the Scythians ( Pazyryk) on the west of the Ural Mountains and Xiongnu ( Noin-Ula) on the east of the Urals, both flourishing before the common era. Aspect of Russian history Yermak's Conquest of Siberia, a painting by Vasily Surikov ![]()
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